Not only 'can' but actually does. The mobile network providers store all the meta data which is produced by a sim card module and thus by a mobile phone and by e-call as well. It's legal in Germany and I guess in other countries as well, as the meta data is to a degree necessary to run the mobile service. There are pending suggestions, claims and offers from insurances, banks and trading associations to monetize this data.
Even if a sim card is not "logged in", they still produce metadata. The IMEI is always trackable - otherwise one could not "track my mobile phone" which even works if the phone is not logged in.
Even if the module in the car was replaced due to a damage, there is still the IMSI which uniquely identifies the user account.
I was perhaps a bit naive to assume that this is common knowledge.
In 2009, Malte Spitz, a German politician, sued Deutsche Telekom for the release of his metadata for the last six months and was finally proven right. He then had this data visualised and made it public. You can see it here and play it via the 'play' button (if there is a google-maps warning you can simply click it away):
ZEIT ONLINE | Nachrichten, Hintergründe und Debatten
www.zeit.de
The result is frightening. And since 2009 we now have far more accurate data, because the networks are now 4G and are currently pushed to 5G. The data shown is btw pure meta data result,
with no GPS involved. So an ecryption of GPS coordinates doesn't really change much and is mainly an argument for the stakeholders of the whole business behind e-call to reassure people. I see the fact that they point to encryption as an admission of the sensitivity of this data.
Anyone who is then still unconcerned and wants to be under control at all times like a dog with a GPS tracker on its neck is simply different from me. I don't want to hand over my sense of self-determination and dignity to the authorities at my driveway.